公共治理研究

在资源下乡背景下，包括村级组织在内的基层组织呈现科层化和行政化现象，基层治理出现了形式主义和普遍的“悬浮性内卷”。国家资源下乡为农民群众提供公共品，其责任主体在国家和各级行政组织体系，农民群众享受公共品成果却几乎不承担责任，成为基层治理中的客体，基层治理效率比较低。之所以会出现如此问题，一个重要原因是距离农户家庭最近的一级组织——村民小组——在基层治理中缺位。在强国家背景下，国家为基层治理提供了大量资源，基层治理的核心问题是将自上而下的国家资源与农民群众自下而上的公共品需求偏好结合起来，办法就是让农民群众在村民小组一级形成集体行动能力。只要村民小组范围内农民群众可以形成基于“受益、决策和担责”合一的集体行动，基层治理就可以被激活，群众主体性就可以建立起来。只有建立了农民群众的主体性，村庄才能具有嫁接和对接国家资源的能力，基层治理现代化才可以实现。

In the context of resource allocation to rural areas, the bureaucratization and administrative formalization of grassroots organizations, including village-level entities, have given rise to formalism and widespread “suspended involution” in grassroots governance. While state-provided resources deliver essential public goods to rural populations, the responsibility for governance rests predominantly with the state and its administrative apparatus. As a result, rural residents often benefit from public services without assuming corresponding responsibilities, positioning them as passive recipients rather than active participants in governance processes, which undermines overall governance efficiency. A critical factor contributing to this challenge is the marginalization or absence of villagers' groups—the organizational units closest to rural households—from the governance framework. In an era of strong state involvement and substantial resource input into rural areas, the central issue lies in effectively aligning top-down resource allocation with the bottom-up demand preferences of rural communities for public goods. The solution resides in fostering collective action capabilities at the level of the villagers' groups. When rural residents within a villagers' group can coordinate collective actions grounded in the integration of benefits, decision-making authority, and shared responsibility, grassroots governance can be revitalized and the subjectivity of the masses can be strengthened. Only by establishing mass subjectivity can villages develop the capacity to effectively absorb, utilize, and align with state resources, thereby advancing the modernization of grassroots governance.